INTRODUCTION

Purpose

该联合概念文件为国防部非致命武器计划提供了指导。这样做是通过建立一系列指导原则来开发非致命武器核心能力，以在各种军事行动中应用。该概念文件将作为：

• 决策的基础影响着联合能力发展
• a point of departure for experimentation and development
• the common frame of reference for development of relevant doctrine, including tactics, techniques, and procedures.

The scope of this paper is necessarily broad. It addresses all activities and considerations that apply to the development of non-lethal weapons requirements, capabilities, and procedures. These considerations are not restricted to operational matters. They also include policy issues, including some matters relevant to the decision to use military force in the furtherance of national interests.

By their nature, concept papers examine想法。It may be possible to develop some of these ideas into practical capabilities in the near term. Other ideas may challenge conventional notions and would require much more time to produce useful capabilities. Concepts are not bound by limiting criteria like fiscal constraints or our present level of scientificknowledge。相反，它们仅受possibility�as expressed by the immutable laws of sciences like physics, chemistry, or biology.

This paper derives fromJoint Vision 2010。通过追求“产生更广泛的潜在武器效应的能力”，它直接支持了操作概念full dimensional protection。It identifies required operational capabilities that will allow commanders to accomplish assigned missions while simultaneously reducing the adverse effects of military operations, especially collateral damage.

Using a hypothetical scenario and a number of vignettes, Annex A explores some possible applications of non-lethal capabilities.

定义非致命武器

Department of Defense policy defines non-lethal weapons as "weapon systems that are explicitly designed and primarily employed so as to incapacitate personnel or materiel, while minimizing fatalities, permanent injury to personnel, and undesired damage to property and the environment." This definition does not include information warfare, electronic warfare, or any other military capability not designed具体来说for the purpose of minimizing fatalities, permanent injury to personnel, and undesired damage to property and the environment, even though these capabilities may have non-lethal effects.

It is important to note that Department of Defense policy doesnotrequire or expect non-lethal weapons "to have a zero probability of producing fatalities or permanent injuries." Rather, non-lethal weapons are intended tosignificantly reducethe probability of such fatalities or injuries as compared with traditional military weapons which achieve their effects through the physical destruction of targets.

The Environment

Increased interaction between friendly troops and friendly, neutral, or hostile civilian populations has become a feature of the contemporary operational landscape. This is likely to remain the case for the foreseeable future. Two factors account for this development. First, worldwide patterns of population growth and migration have resulted in increased urbanization, not only within the established industrialized states, but also in many undeveloped and developing societies. The urbanization of many crisis-prone regions of the world creates the potential for large, vulnerable groups of noncombatants to be caught up in military confrontations involving U.S. forces.

Second, U.S. forces increasingly operate in the challenging environment known as military operations other than war. This category of operations includes such missions as humanitarian assistance, military support to civil authorities, peace operations, and noncombatant evacuations. These operations commonly involve close and continual interaction between friendly forces and noncombatant civilians. Some military operations other than war scenarios include the presence of paramilitary forces or armed factions which present a real but ill-defined threat. In these situations, the mission of military forces commonly has aspects that are预防性in nature. That is, military forces accomplish their mission by preventing individuals or groups from carrying on undesirable activities such as rioting and looting or attacking, harassing, and otherwise threatening opponents. Sometimes, hostile elements blend in with the local population of uninvolved citizens. Other times, sectors of the local population may rise against our forces and become active participants in acts of violence. Factional alignments, the level of violence, and the threat to mission accomplishment may change frequently and with little or no warning. Under such circumstances, the identity of our opponents is uncertain, and the use of deadly force for purposes other than self-defense may be constrained by rules of engagement or by the judgment of the commander on the scene.

U.S. military forces conduct operations in a manner consistent with treaties, international law, and U.S. policy. The constraints on U.S. military action are based on the principles ofproportionalityandnecessity。这些原则反映了我们希望最大程度地减少非战斗人员伤亡和附带损害的愿望，并保留我们行动的合法性。但是，尽管我们做出了最大的努力，但我们并不总是能够消除非战斗人员伤亡的可能性，而不会将友好的部队或任务成就置于危险之中。当这种非战斗人员的伤亡发生在明显军事必要性所采取的行动的不可避免的结果时，他们立即被网络媒体组织在全球范围内进行了图形报道。这样的报告通常会引起美国对危机地区持续存在的当地，国际或国内反对。这可能导致失去理由的合法性，并严重限制了军事力量作为促进国家利益的政策选择的效用。聪明的对手很快就认识到这些限制，并将寻求将局势转变为自己的优势。

传统的军事武器要求指挥官在任务成就，武力和非战斗人员的安全之间做出适当平衡的“权衡”决定。我们可能会放松参与规则，以通过增加火力的使用自由来增强任务成就或保护武力，但这可能会降低非战斗者的安全性。

Conversely, when we increase the safety of noncombatants through restrictions on the use of firepower, our troops become potentially more vulnerable and their mission more difficult to achieve.

非致命武器扩大了面临的指挥官可用的选项数量，在这种情况下，使用致命武力会带来问题。它们通过允许美军施加严重非战斗人员伤亡风险的衡量军事力量来提供灵活性，但仍以提供武力保护和效力遵守的方式。因为我们可以在危险较低的阈值下使用非致命武器，所以指挥官可以更快地应对不断发展的威胁情况。这使美军能够保留主动权并减少自己的脆弱性。因此，强大的非致命能力将有助于平衡非战斗人员的任务，势力保护和安全性的冲突要求。因此，它将在日益复杂和混乱的国际环境中增强军事力量作为美国政策选择的效用和相关性。

指导原则

The guiding principles discussed in the following subsections are intended to ensure common direction, focused effort, and efficient use of resources in the development of U.S. non-lethal capabilities. These principles apply to many aspects of non-lethal weapons, including desired weapons characteristics and policies for their employment. As指南, they are not exclusive. Neither are they designed to create restrictions on the rights and responsibilities of U.S. forces regarding self-defense. Rather, they are key considerations in the future development of non-lethal weapons requirements and capabilities in the areas of equipment, doctrine, organization, training, leader development, and support.

Leverage High Technology

Technologies with a potential for generating non-lethal military capabilities cover a very broad spectrum. At the "low" end of this spectrum are capabilities which have been in use for many years with varying degrees of success. These include riot batons, pepper spray, and rubber bullets. Their advantage is simplicity. Their disadvantages are their lack of "standoff" capability and their applicability only to limited scenarios like hand-to-hand confrontations and riot control.

具有潜在的非致命武器适用性的先进技术的开发需要创新，创造性的思维。国防部非致命武器方法必须鼓励追求非传统概念。我们的实验和发展方法必须仅受物理限制的约束possibility。Otherwise, we impose artificial and unnecessary limits on our thinking and thus on the potential utility of non-lethal systems. Electronic, acoustic, and nanotechnological approaches, among others, may offer high-payoff avenues of investigation and application.

Enhance Operations

创建新功能的目标是净准备或绩效的净改进。与基于先进技术的任何能力一样，存在非致命武器的潜在（根据战术指挥官使用资源的能力来衡量）产生大于收益的成本。非致命武器不得造成不适当的负担。相反，他们应该增强指挥官完成分配任务的能力。该主题enhance行动是涉及开发，评估，采购，部署和雇用非致命武器的每个决定的核心。这是我们整个指导原则的核心。

非致命武器必须提供适应性和可靠的能力来影响战术状况。它们应该在与任务要求相称的距离上有效，以便指挥官可以在整个战场上施加非致命的力量。非致命武器不应轻易被对策击败。但是，如果不利的好处，那么容易受到某些对策的能力的范围可能是合理的。

In all cases, non-lethal weapons must be compatible with, easily integrated with, and complementary to current and planned conventional weapons systems. In seeking to enhance operations, rather than burden commanders and troops, the Department of Defense non-lethal weapons program will address the potential impact of non-lethal weapons upon readiness. First, at the tactical level, this means that non-lethal weapons, like conventional weapons, must achieve the desired effects on targets instantaneously, or as close thereto as practicable, without adversely affecting friendly forces. Non-lethal weapons designed to be carried and employed at the个人水平必须需要一个absolute minimumof additional hardware and a minimal increase in equipment load. They should be designed for simplicity of operation and maintenance. We prefer that non-lethal effects be delivered by existing launchers and weapons systems. Larger standalone non-lethal systems should be optimized for ease of mounting on existing vehicles or general purpose aircraft without extensive modifications. If non-lethal capabilities require modification of existing weapons systems, these modifications must not in any way reduce the capability of those systems to fire lethal munitions.

其次，在组织一级，我们必须最大程度地减少对人事系统的影响。非致命系统必须仅对新的军事职业专业或致力于其运营或维护的新组织产生非常有限的要求。同样，非致命武器的使用和维护不应要求现场指挥官显着改变其单位的组织，或者将大部分单位资产专用于这些目的。

Third, non-lethal weapons training must be of such a nature as to be readily integrated into other individual and unit training events. Non-lethal weapons and tactics should be designed for ease of use after brief individual- and unit-level training that does not seriously distract units from other training tasks. Unavoidably, more complex systems may require a significant investment in operator training, but this will be limited to small numbers of key personnel. Weapons and ammunition must be available for live-fire training and must be compatible with the safety requirements and limitations in effect on most live-fire ranges. Non-lethal training aids or devices should provide realistic and effective training, to include applications for use in force-on-force exercises.

Fourth, non-lethal weapons maintenance requirements should be reasonably compatible with those for other items of equipment. Individual and organizational maintenance support procedures should not require extraordinary arrangements or the introduction of a large quantity of system-specific test and repair equipment.

Augment Deadly Force

The commitment of military power to resolve crises has traditionally involved either theuse of deadly force或隐式或显式threat使用致命力量。军事部队主要是为了这些目的而受过训练，组织和配备的。只有传统军事武器的部队通常只有两种实现合规性的选择：保持在场(essentially a threat) or actually employing deadly force. These two options are extremes with no middle ground. Our reluctance to impose our will through the use of lethal weapons creates a critical vulnerability which our adversaries quickly discern. Non-lethal weapons provide commanders a more extensive continuum of options. The wider range of choices which fall between the extremes of presence and deadly force gives commanders the flexibility to act appropriately in executing a mission when circumstances may limit the use of lethal means. Through this capability, non-lethal weapons will support the National Military Strategy by providing means forflexible and selective engagement。

The wider range of options provided by non-lethal capabilitiesaugmentsdeadly force butdoes not replace it。Deadly force must always remain available to the commander when the situation demands it. The Department of Defense Policy Directive concerning non-lethal weapons states that "the availability of non-lethal weapons will not limit a commander's inherent authority and obligation to use all necessary means available and to take all appropriate action in self-defense." The existence of non-lethal capabilities therefore doesnot代表“非致命战争”或“非致命作战”的潜力。必须严格避免对这种影响的不切实际的期望。非战斗人员伤亡，包括严重伤害和死亡，将继续是令人遗憾的是，但不可避免outcome when military power is employed, whether or not non-lethal weapons are available. Non-lethal weapons simply add flexibility to combat operations and enhance force protection by providing an environment in which friendly troops can engage threatening targets with limited risk of noncombatant casualties and collateral damage.

This principle�augment deadly force�is fundamental to the planning and execution of any operation in which the employment of non-lethal capabilities is contemplated. First, rules of engagement must be clearly articulated and understood to establish the role of non-lethal weapons as anadditional雇用武力的手段是为了限制死亡的可能性或在某些情况下对敌方战斗人员造成的死亡或严重伤害的可能性。在自卫实例中，诉诸致命武力的能力必须始终是个人的固有权利，以及在任务和情况保证的情况下，指挥官的固有责任。

Second, commanders and public affairs officers must prepare personnel to address media questions and explain the purpose of non-lethal weapons. Operational experience indicates that novel capabilities provoke significant media interest. Personnel participating in interviews or briefings must be prepared to address the role of non-lethal weapons in such a manner as to provide a clear understanding that the presence of a non-lethal capability in no way abrogates the option to employ deadly force in appropriate circumstances. This stance is necessary both to deter potential adversaries and to avoid misperceptions by the news media.

Provide "Rheostatic" Capability

为了使非致命武器发挥最大的潜力，它们必须能够发挥不同程度的影响。这种特征是“敌对的”或“可调节”质量。敌对能力提供了获得完整的“连续性”所必需的一系列效果。不必个人非致命的武器具有敌对特征（尽管这可能很有用），只是非致命能力的家族as a whole提供此功能。

Focus on Tactical Applications

While non-lethal weapons have widespread applicability, Department of Defense non-lethal weapons programs will重点efforts on those weapons and systems designed primarily for employment at the战术上的等级。这种区别并不排除使用非致命武器在情况下实现运营和战略目标的使用。其目的是通过将发展努力集中在追求方面来建立指导战术上的capabilities.

战术水平是参与和战斗的领域。出于这个概念的目的，这里假定战术水平包括联合工作队及其下属指挥官所采取的行动和决定。正是在这一战争层面上，部队最常面临很难区分敌人和非战斗人员的情况。在这些困难情况下必须立即做出决定的领导人通常很少。这些是非致命武器提供最大潜在效用的情况。因此，国防部的非致命武器计划将通过将发展和收购工作集中在战术应用上，从而获得最大的好处。

Facilitate Expeditionary Operations

U.S. forces stand ready to defend national interests through their capability to rapidly project military power to theaters of operations anywhere in the world. Forces optimized for such rapid deployment, operating under the constraints of limited strategic lift, require combat capabilities withexpeditionary characteristics。“远征角色”包括许多素质，这些素质定义了在短时间内部署和执行战斗操作的能力，并在严峻的环境中无限期地继续这些操作。这些素质包括流动性，耐力和可持续性。

To remain relevant and of value to commanders in the field, non-lethal weapons must be mobile: able to reach the scene of the action in a timely manner and without creating major logistic difficulties or forcing complex cost-benefit analyses and "trade off" decisions.Strategicmobility calls for a small "footprint," which reduces the burden placed upon strategic lift assets.Operationalmobility requires the ability to rapidly shift within a theater of operations.战术上的mobility requires ease of transport at the using-unit level without overburdening organic assets or personnel. The common theme is thatcommanders must be able to deploy and employ non-lethal systems without sacrificing other critical offensive and defensive capabilities and options。In all cases, mobility requires not only mobile weapons and delivery systems, but also easily transportable ammunition and support equipment.

The quality of "endurance" calls for robust non-lethal capabilities. Non-lethal weapons systems must be designed to ensure reliability under the rigors of field employment in the most austere conditions and in extremes of climate. Associated support equipment must be as durable as the weapons systems themselves.

易于维持至关重要。如果不诉诸于运营剧院的设备，则常规的预防和纠正性维护非致命能力必须是实用的。可消耗性的弹药必须具有很长的保质期。它们必须是稳定的，与其他弹药兼容，以进行存储和运输，并且可以使用普通的弹药处理程序易于通过未修改的战术车辆和飞机运输。

Maintain Policy Acceptability

Non-lethal weapons, many of which employ relatively new technologies, have not been fully tested in war or military operations other than war. Consequently, such weapons have not been subjected to the same level of scrutiny as have most other families of weapons in our inventory. Some proposed non-lethal weapons may be forbidden by law or policy. Accordingly, it is essential that all developments of non-lethal weapons be evaluated by appropriate authorities to ensure that they comply with the law of war, U.S. law, and U.S. treaty obligations. Chemical weapons, for instance, must be evaluated in the context of the Chemical Weapons Convention. Some of the most commonly employed non-lethal weapons in the latter half of the 20th century have been chemical riot control agents designed to temporarily incapacitate personnel. New chemical agents may appear which possess characteristics limiting their effects to反对者使用。这种功能没有明确的法律先例，需要仔细学习和评估。

Non-lethal weapons must also meet the test of social acceptability. Just as the basic decision to employ military force in defense of national interests is usually a matter of intense public concern, the manner in which that force is exercised is subject to the same scrutiny. As with all weapons we use, the effects of non-lethal weapons must be of such a nature as to be found generally acceptable to our society. In many cases, the same considerations will extend to the larger international community and perhaps the target community as well. Even though they are designed to minimize fatalities and serious injuries, some non-lethal weapons or their effects might�for religious or cultural reasons�prove so offensive to allies or important neutrals that their use would be counterproductive.

提供副人效应的可逆性

Traditional military weapons act upon targets with indiscriminate effects resulting in crippling injuries and death. Non-lethal weapons should be designed to act in such a way that their effects on personnel will be reversible. (Note, however, that there is no requirement for countermateriel effects to be reversible.) For example, weapons which cause temporary disorientation, passivity, pain, or loss of consciousness could be suitable for consideration under Department of Defense non-lethal weapons development programs.

The preferred mechanism for reversing non-lethal weapons' effects on personnel should be the simple passage of time. In most cases, we would expect the influences of non-lethal weapons to last from a few minutes to a few hours. In keeping with the principle of providing "rheostatic capability," we will develop weapons which allow us to select a "duration of effects." This might be achieved through the employment of capabilities which are safe enough to permit repeated use against the same target with only a negligible increase in the likelihood of causing serious or permanent injuries. Some technologies may allow us to select the duration of personnel effects that can be achieved with a single application.

一些提出的非致命能力将需要给予药物或其他解毒剂以逆转效果。这通过需要医务人员的干预和额外资源的承诺来对运营指挥官施加负担。在某些情况下，这种功能可能具有一定的适用性。但是，通常，他们的缺点大于其用处。

在军事行动范围内申请

军事冲突的目的不同,character, and intensity�the latter being characterized as low, mid, and high, depending on the nature of combat operations. Non-lethal weapons may prove useful across the range of operations, which includes both conventional combat operations and the many categories of military operations other than war. We must therefore consider how non-lethal capabilities might be employed in a wide variety of scenarios.

The utility of non-lethal weapons in military operations other than war is widely recognized. For example, in such operations we often find noncombatants involved in acts of violence like rioting or looting. In such circumstances, non-lethal weapons provide commanders an ability to influence the situation favorably with reduced risk of noncombatant casualties and collateral damage.

然而,我需要减少严重的风险njury to personnel is not limited to crowd control scenarios or to military operations other than war. Tactical applications for non-lethal weapons may exist in any military operation. During military operations on urbanized terrain (MOUT), for example, some of the local civilian populace may remain in an urban area in the midst of battle. The traditional solution to such challenges has been the implementation of restrictive rules of engagement. Non-lethal capabilities offer commanders more flexibility, allowing adoption of less restrictive rules of engagement without necessarily increasing casualties or destruction. Such permissive rules provide subordinates freedom to employ appropriate levels of measured military force to accomplish their missions while minimizing casualties and collateral damage in, for example, urban countersniper operations. Another operation might include a "peace enforcement" mission in which non-lethal weapons are used in an area-denial role. This would allow us to forcibly separate combatants without a counterproductive resort to lethal force. Even in conventional combat operations, non-lethals might be used to capture enemy soldiers for interrogation. A major theater war, though traditionally characterized by the least restraint in the use of lethal means, may also offer opportunities for the application of non-lethal weapons. For instance, it may prove possible to incapacitate or immobilize large enemy concentrations as part of an operational scheme of maneuver.

核心功能

核心能力是那些使我们能够实现理想的运营成果的基本能力。非致命的能力提供了一种灵活的反应手段，以保护友好力量，影响潜在的对手和非战斗者的行为而无需诉诸致命的力量，并最大程度地减少附带损害。与非致命武器相关的核心能力分为两个主要类别：对手和对抗者。

附属功能

Non-lethal counterpersonnel capabilities allow the application of military force to accomplish a mission with reduced risk of fatalities or serious casualties among noncombatants�or even, in some instances, among enemy forces. We must explore several specific non-lethal counterpersonnel capabilities. First, we will develop non-lethal capabilities for crowd control. This will include the means to influence the behavior and activities of a可能hostile crowd as well as a rioting mob. While there are many similarities in these two groups, each presents unique challenges. These challenges may require radically different solutions.

Second, we require the capability to incapacitate individual personnel. This capability will provide a means to capture specified individuals, such as those inciting a mob to violence or enemy combatants we seek to take prisoner. Therefore, we will also examine weapons which incapacitate individuals without affecting those nearby. For the purposes of this concept paper, "incapacitation" is achieved when weapon effects result in either physical inability (real or perceived) or mental disinclination to resist or pose a threat to friendly forces. In keeping with the guiding principles for non-lethal weapons, this incapacitation should be readily reversible, preferably self-reversing through the passage of time. This capability may employ some combination of technologies used in other core capabilities�for example, the use of entangling devices that may also be designed for area denial.

Third, we require a non-lethal capability to deny personnel access to an area (land, sea, or air). This can include the use of physical barriers or of systems which cause discomfort to those who enter the denied area. Such non-lethal area-denial technologies would possibly be exempt from some of the restrictions on conventional land or sea mines. This will provide new possibilities for barrier planning in any type of military operation, including mid- or high-intensity conflict.

Fourth, we require a non-lethal capability to clear facilities and structures of personnel. This capability will facilitate military operations in urbanized terrain (MOUT) by reducing the risks of noncombatant casualties and collateral damage while simultaneously minimizing the advantages accruing to an enemy defending a built-up area.

反对者的能力

非致命的反车能力将通过降低或消除敌人使用其设备的能力来增强美国的行动。强大的非致命反对者能力将使军事力量能够在情况下，在这种情况下可能会证明适得其反。例如，当仅涉及常规武器（以及随之而来的人事人员伤亡风险）时，对麻烦，积极进取的国家的先发制人可能是不可接受的。然而，凭借非致命的反病产能力，一个积极的国家威胁邻国的能力可能会通过仅攻击武器及其支持基础设施来减少政治风险。

美国军方将非致命武器的方法重点on two specific countermateriel capabilities. The first is an area-denial capability. We require a non-lethal capability to deny land areas to vehicles. This requirement applies to wheeled, tracked, and surface-effects vehicles. It may include physical barriers, systems that render vehicles temporarily inoperable within the systems' zone of influence, and systems which reduce the trafficability of terrain. It may also be possible to design similar area-denial systems for seaspace and/or airspace. Such systems might be designed to so degrade the responsiveness of sea vessels or aircraft that operators would be reluctant to enter the designated area or find it extremely difficult to deliver ordnance on target. When applied to aircraft, such systems obviously pose a real, but nonetheless significantly reduced, risk of fatalities or serious injuries to pilots and aircrew.

Second, we require a non-lethal capability to disable or neutralize specific types of equipment and facilities. This capability encompasses a wide range of subcategories based on the variety of equipment types to be targeted. There are many technologies to be explored in this area. For example, we may produce systems that alter the combustion properties of fuels, the viscosity of lubricants, or the ability of vehicles to gain traction. Other technologies may cause the embrittlement or decay of rubber, attacking tires, hoses, gaskets, and insulation. Some countermateriel non-lethals may act as adhesives, gluing doors and hatches shut or tires and tracks to road surfaces. Using chemical, electronic, or acoustical systems, it may be possible to shut down or burn out vehicle, vessel, or aircraft electrical systems or to fuse the metal parts in key equipment without harming its human operators. As with non-lethal area-denial weapons, when applied to aircraft such systems pose a significant, but nonetheless reduced, risk to pilots and other aircrew.

SUMMARY

在整个历史中，文化和技术的变化影响了军事力量及其使用方式。从某种意义上说，非致命武器代表了在新的军事和政治环境中最大化军事力量的尝试，它们代表了文化变化所促进的技术进步。

Today, U.S. military forces regularly perform their missions in an operational environment that would have been nearly inconceivable just a few decades ago. In this new environment, firepower and the threat to use it are no longer appropriate solutions to some crises or problems which in the past were considered amenable to a military solution. Senior leaders face a new level of public sensitivity concerning the proper role of military power as an element of national security. Field commanders must respect these sensitivities and seek to achieve the Nation's policy goals through the measured use of military force. Junior leaders must execute the resulting decisions wisely in situations filled with uncertainty and danger.

在复杂而不断变化的现代世界中，非致命能力为increasethe utility of the military element of national power. A capability to apply measured military force under a variety of tactical circumstances and across the entire spectrum of conflict will provide the flexibility our forces need to successfully adapt to the challenges of the future.

ANNEX A

SCENARIOS FOR NON-LETHAL WEAPONS EMPLOYMENT

While non-lethal weapons do not change the basic nature of military operations, they do add a new dimension by expanding the number of options available to a commander. The following hypothetical scenario explores the potential value of non-lethal weapons, incorporating elements drawn from contemporary operational experience. This scenario is presented as a series of vignettes, each of which involves a different tactical situation, reflecting the range of military operations. It demonstrates the degree to which the increased flexibility provided by non-lethal weapons can enhance operations, permitting the application of衡量的军事力量under a wide variety of circumstances.

The Situation

美国已经部署了一个联合特遣部队to provide humanitarian assistance to a Third World nation. That nation is suffering famine as a result of civil war and anarchy. The operational environment is nonpermissive, uncertain, and chaotic. The capital city, scarred by heavy fighting, is home to several hundred thousand people. The present population is a combination of longtime residents, displaced refugees from rural areas, relief workers, and thousands of armed gunmen whose factions frequently fight pitched battles in the streets as they struggle for control of various neighborhoods.

The tactical situation is unpredictable. U.S. patrols may be met by smiling crowds on one corner and by gunfire on the next. A day later, the situation will be reversed. Attempts to distribute emergency supplies are hazardous. Whenever emergency workers appear, huge crowds invariably gather. Scattered amidst the hungry civilians seeking relief are the armed adherents of various factions. However, many of the armed individuals in the crowd are armed only for their own safety. The people swarm impatiently. Some, including children, dart onto trucks and attempt to steal supplies. Rocks are thrown, sometimes at random, sometimes between factions within the crowd, sometimes at U.S. military personnel and relief workers. There are weapons everywhere. It is impossible to distinguish friends from potential foes.

为了使局势的复杂性增加，一个邻国已将最暴力的武装派系之一承认为合法政府。应这个派系的邀请，邻国的军队越过边界并占领了一个长期以来的地区。占领者拥有强大的常规军事力量，包括坦克和炮兵。这些部队没有对美国部队采取任何敌对行动，而是对反对当地派别进行了炮弹袭击。他们还向当地部队提供武器和弹药，以影响危机的结果。

JTF在首都内建立了障碍，并开始积极地巡逻以建立可见的存在。JTF部队在主要城市地形附近占据了强烈的地位，希望促进秩序感并恢复社区的稳定性。其他JTF部队为分发救济用品的非政府组织提供了安全和其他帮助。

JTF指挥官已经建立了宽松的参与规则（ROE）。这些允许在自卫中使用武力，以保护非战斗人员并促进任务成就。当敌对意图不确定或保护非战斗机时，只要使用这种武器不危害友善的力量，这些ROE就可以使用非致命武器。在所有情况下，ROE都清楚地掌管了在面对敌对行为或敌对意图的个人和单位保护时必须在必要时雇用致命武力的权利和责任。

MOUT: Case I

Because the JTF's mission is humanitarian assistance, the commander's policy is to avoid becoming involved in the host nation's internecine warfare unless it threatens U.S. forces, noncombatants, or mission accomplishment. The first challenge to this policy occurs late at night when a pair of rival clans begin a firefight in a crowded neighborhood near a U.S. strongpoint. A few rounds of small arms fire impact near the American position. These appear to be simply stray rounds but it is impossible to be certain. In any event, the ROE clearly permit the use of deadly force in self-defense. However, the noncommissioned officer in charge at the strongpoint knows that the neighborhood is crowded with noncombatants and does not believe that the immediate danger to the U.S. squad justifies returning fire. He contacts higher headquarters and requests assistance.

A reaction platoon quickly arrives on the scene, mounted in armored personnel carriers (APCs). The platoon commander swiftly assesses the situation and identifies two buildings that appear to harbor gunmen. Two small, unmanned ground vehicles (UGVs) deploy from one of the APCs. These move rapidly into the two buildings, guided by remote control. Once inside, the UGVs employ a non-lethal counterpersonnel weapon that causes almost immediate incapacitation to those exposed. In a few moments, the gunfire sputters, then ceases. Some of the gunmen�as well as several bystanders�become dizzy, weak, and disoriented. Others lose consciousness altogether.

The troops of the reaction platoon dismount and advance toward the buildings in tactical formation and with weapons ready. Once inside, they move quickly from room to room, recovering weapons and using flexible handcuffs to secure all persons suspected of having participated in the firefight. One gunman, who has apparently escaped the effects of the non-lethal weapon, attempts to fire his rifle. A reaction force soldier unhesitatingly shoots him.

Within a few minutes, the effects of the non-lethal weapon begin to wear off. Meanwhile, the reaction platoon collects all suspects and firearms in the street. As the suspects are evacuated to the rear for processing, an APC runs over the weapons, destroying them on the spot. An interpreter accompanying the U.S. troops uses a bullhorn to explain to the local residents what has occurred. He offers medical assistance to anyone who was wounded in the firefight or who might have suffered any ill effects from the non-lethal weapon. A mother brings forward a child with a broken arm, apparently sustained in a fall.

一个电视摄制组排h后反应as recorded the entire event. The reporter interviews the reaction platoon's commander, a lieutenant, who acknowledges the regrettable death of one gunman. He stresses, however, that the availability of non-lethal weapons allowed him to quickly stabilize the situation without resorting to a traditional, firepower-intensive, building-clearing procedure which would certainly have resulted in numerous noncombatant casualties. The reporter conjectures that the child's broken arm was probably caused by a fall resulting from the effects of the non-lethal weapon. The lieutenant acknowledges that possibility, but also notes that the child's injuries are relatively minor. He reiterates that, while non-lethal weapons may have resulted in a broken arm, they certainly saved many lives and prevented many potentially crippling wounds.

Preemptive Strike

Within the disputed border region, military forces from the neighboring state continue to consolidate their positions. The member governments of the regional cooperative security organization are divided concerning this neighbor's claim to the disputed territory. Their compromise solution is to issue a nonbinding request that the neighbor withdraw its troops and cease its arms deliveries to the warring factions. This request goes unheeded. Instead, the invading force steps up its military activity, extending patrols beyond the disputed border region into a district soon scheduled to receive relief supplies under U.S. military escort. This increased military activity is accompanied by a propaganda campaign labeling U.S. intervention as "the reckless act of a colonialist bully."

It is not entirely clear, however, that the invading force has any hostile intent with respect to U.S. forces. At best it can be said that the JTF faces a可能hostile force in position to interfere with mission accomplishment. Additionally, the regional cooperative security organization has not demonstrated the will to support U.S. military action. While the JTF is clearly capable of decisively defeating the neighboring nation's forces, the resulting casualties might have unfavorable political repercussions. These might weaken the perceived legitimacy of the U.S. presence and thus threaten both regional support and mission accomplishment.

JTF指挥官选择通过使用非致命的对抗武器进行先发制人的罢工来消除敌对行动的威胁。联合空气组件指挥官建议进行非致命的空袭。陆地和海底飞机和无人机在黑暗的掩护下进行了攻击。当电子战飞机盲人敌对雷达时，罢工飞机攻击大量的车辆，炮兵和防空武器。无人机参与了许多较小的外围职位。所使用的军械影响电气系统。罢工禁用目标区域中约30％的车辆，几乎所有与防空系统相关的移动电力发电机。潜在的敌对部队没有遭受人员伤亡，但在操作上已被固定在操作上，无法防御进一步的空袭，如果这些有必要。

The JTF commander issues a statement to the press describing this non-lethal countermateriel strike. He also expresses his resolve to apply whatever衡量的军事力量is necessary in order to protect the JTF, ensure the safety of noncombatants, and prevent interference with mission accomplishment.

防暴控制

在美国emba的居民区sy, U.S. forces have established roadblocks to prevent the movement of weapons into the area. At these roadblocks, security personnel halt and search all civilian vehicles, confiscating weapons. JTF civil-military relations units have spread the word throughout town that weapons will not be permitted near the Embassy and that those who normally travel armed for their own protection should stay away from that area. The troops manning the roadblocks are prepared for trouble. On a number of occasions, armed gunmen have "tested the system," only to have their weapons confiscated after tense confrontations.

A civilian vehicle approaches a roadblock at higher than normal speed. To security personnel, it appears that the driver does not intend to stop. As the vehicle crashes through the wooden gate, the troops open fire, killing three locals, including a small child. An examination reveals that the vehicle's brakes had failed and that the occupants were an unarmed and innocent family.

随着事件的传播，大批愤怒的当地人开始聚集在大使馆周围的社区，高呼反美国。口号。显然，尽管少数人武装，但绝大多数却没有。在紧急新闻发布会上，记者挑战美军的行动，询问为什么不使用非致命手段来停止车辆。JTF指挥官承认不幸的事件并向受害者表示同情，这使记者想起了以前的事件，在这种事件中，美国军队在类似情况下遭受了伤亡。他解释说，所讨论的汽车必须被视为威胁，并且在这种情况下，安全人员的行为是适当的。他进一步解释说，JTF将继续采取所有合理的预防措施，以保护非战机和JTF部队。但是，他指出，在行动领域的存在非致命武器不能保证在这种环境中永远不会发生事故，其特征是危险和不确定性。

Later, a very large and angry mob surges through roadblocks and gathers in front of the Embassy. A few people hurl rocks at guards behind the fence, causing no injuries. Then, someone throws two homemade firebombs into the Embassy compound. As guards move to extinguish the flames, an unseen gunman, lost within the huge crowd, fires two shots. A bullet smashes the windshield of a truck parked behind the Embassy fence. In accordance with the established ROE, the guards take cover and immediately return fire using non-lethal weapons: aqueous foams laced with irritants. These have some effect on the nearest rioters but the remainder continue to press toward the compound. A small UAV suddenly appears, swooping low along the street. It drops pepper spray and "stingball" grenades throughout the crowd. A general panic results and the crowd flees the area. Several injured persons are left behind, most of them trampled in the crowd's hasty retreat.

After an hour of relative calm, crowds again begin to gather in the neighborhoods around the Embassy. Intelligence agents report that armed men are attempting to rally their adherents, whipping the people into a frenzy for another assault on the Embassy. Without waiting for the mob to grow, the JTF commander calls for non-lethal weapons to defuse the situation. Soon, a helicopter appears some distance away, well out of the effective range of small arms. Unknown to the gathering crowd, this helicopter mounts a non-lethal counterpersonnel area-denial system with standoff capability. >From over a kilometer away, the helicopter crew directs the weapon at the largest groups of would-be rioters. As the system takes effect, the people immediately flee.

一旦相对平静的状态已经恢复,JTF commander meets with local civil leaders and explains his decision to employ non-lethal capabilities to restore order. He expresses relief that the system succeeded in this instance but warns that further violence, especially when weapons are involved, might require the JTF to use deadly force. The civil leaders agree to spread the word among their people.

MOUT: Case II

JTF的存在造成了武装派别to withdraw from those sections of the city regularly patrolled by U.S. forces. As these groups attempt to establish their dominance in other sections of the city, fighting breaks out and soon reaches major proportions. For the first time since the U.S. deployment, the factions use their heavy weapons systems: howitzers, heavy machine guns, mortars, and even a few older-model tanks. The fighting results in a mounting toll of noncombatant casualties and significant collateral property damage. In one sector of the city, fire rages out of control. It has already consumed most of a city block.

国家指挥当局指示JTF指挥官恢复秩序。因此，使命从人道主义援助转变为和平执法。随着JTF单位接近城市四面楚歌的部门，侦察部队报告说，其中一些派系被强行拘留在其家中。一份情报报告表明，该派系希望通过这种策略获得保护美国上级火力的保护。JTF开始攻击。尽管战术状况发生了根本性改变，但没有必要修改ROE。非致命武器仍然是进行建筑清算操作的重要工具。当必要或谨慎地确保适当的部队保护或任务成就时，仍由当地指挥官酌情批准致命武力。

Using standard MOUT tactics, U.S. units isolate a neighborhood and deploy to attack. Several armored personnel carriers mounting unusual antennas take up positions near the JTF's first objective. Two of the vehicles adjust position slightly as the antennas pitch and roll on their mounts, responding to cues from a digital position and direction-finding system. In a few moments, an indicator light flashes on a control panel to show that the antenna array is properly set and the system is ready for operation. A vehicle crewman throws a switch. The system propagates an acoustic energy beam, which the antenna array directs against one of the buildings. The same sighting device that normally serves the vehicle's antitank missile system is connected to the antenna array via computer. As the vehicle commander takes aim through the sight, the antennas adjust their alignment, changing the direction of the beam.

Within a few seconds, the firing slackens and the acoustic energy beam is shut down. Infantrymen dismount from the APCs and maneuver rapidly toward the building. Inside, they find most of the occupants temporarily incapacitated. The noncombatants are huddled together in a few rooms, while the shooters are positioned throughout the building but unable to fire their weapons. The JTF infantrymen evacuate prisoners and captured weapons to the rear. Civil-military relations teams follow up the assault with medical attention for those who have been wounded in the fighting. There are no deaths or injuries attributable to the acoustic energy weapon or to U.S. firepower. Television journalists record the entire event and transmit their stories in near-real time via satellite.

This scene is repeated several times as the JTF moves from block to block, clearing and securing buildings. The process is not always flawless. Enemy heavy weapons crews, firing from covered positions outside the effective range of the JTF's acoustical systems, have to be taken out with precision-guided munitions (PGMs). Overall, however, the results of the day's action are very satisfying to the JTF commander. The factions have withdrawn, apparently recognizing that the new weapon robs them of the protection they expected to gain by fighting from civilian-occupied buildings in the presence of television cameras. Noncombatant casualties are minimal�far fewer than would normally be expected in a MOUT situation using traditional weapons. Media reaction is very positive. It appears that the journalists have begun to understand that non-lethal weapons are intended to augment, but notreplace，致命的力量。

Peacekeeping

两个最大的派系已撤回首都周围的乡村，挽救了许多重型武器。后者包括迫击炮和一些曾经属于现已灭绝的国民军的坦克。他们在两个人口稠密的山谷中建立了飞地，该山谷被高高的崎ridgeline隔开，从该国严重的内部延伸到距海岸约八公里的地方。山脉和大海之间的地形是平坦而茂密的森林。一条沿海公路穿过该地区，几条较小的道路和小径连接到附近的山谷，现在藏有对立的武装派系。这些武装营地之间已经提出了非正式的边界线。尽管自城市的战斗以来没有激烈的战斗，但由于非战斗者试图遍历这个边界以寻找食物或失去的亲戚，但发生了一些事件。枪手骚扰，有时杀死了不幸的难民，导致对手派别进行报复。情况很紧张。

The National Command Authorities direct the JTF to maintain peace until such time as a combined regional force operating under the auspices of the U.N. can assume the mission. The JTF commander plans an obstacle and barrier system to assist in controlling movement across the boundary. This economy of force measure will free other forces to continue humanitarian assistance operations. After consulting the JTF staff judge advocate and the engineer officer, the commander elects to emplace a non-lethal barrier system. The use of nonexplosive, non-lethal barrier devices will mitigate the post-deployment hazards associated with traditional mines.

该系统包括新旧的结合technologies. Traditional barbed wire marks the line and serves as a deterrent to the merely curious. Where roads cross the boundary, JTF troops man checkpoints. Each of these checkpoints includes a hardened strongpoint armed with conventional antiarmor and antipersonnel weapons. At all other points along the boundary where the warring factions might be tempted to infiltrate vehicles, engineers emplace automated systems that dispense a variety of "vehicle stoppers." Upon the approach of an unauthorized vehicle, these can be activated by either remote command or an automatic sensing device. These weapons are nontoxic and "environmentally friendly." The barrier system also includes non-lethal counterpersonnel devices. Like the vehicle stoppers, these can be activated by command or automatically activated by sophisticated sensors programmed to detect human presence. These systems use a combination of effects, emplaced in "layers" starting with pepper spray and entangling devices and escalating to non-lethal directed-energy weapons. Intruders who attempt to infiltrate through this "rheostatic" barrier will encounter a series of personnel effects of ever-increasing intensity. Most important, the entire obstacle belt is kept under continuous observation through a combination of patrols, observation posts, and sensors. It is also covered by conventional lethal weapons, just like a traditional obstacle system. The factions are advised that any attempt to force the barrier will be met by overwhelming firepower.

安装障碍后，派系进行探针，试图渗透小组武装人员。遇到非致命的代理设备的初始层后，大多数人转弯。然而，在一个例子中，一个小队大小的小组一直按下并试图摧毁障碍带内的一个定向能量发射器。JTF的反作用力立即反击，杀死了两名枪手，并炸伤了三名。试图渗透障碍很快停止。

Maritime Interception

The boundary between the factional territories ends at the sea. When the barrier system proves effective in halting infiltration by land, the factions attempt to circumvent it using seaborne infiltration. Off the coast, U.S. naval forces support the peacekeeping effort by boarding and inspecting suspicious vessels in order to prevent such infiltration.

Most of the local coastal traffic consists of slow fishing vessels which naval patrol craft easily monitor and board. One of the factions, however, has acquired two very fast commercial speedboats. At night, one of these boats attempts a high-speed run from a river outlet, moving rapidly along the coast toward the coastal portion of the opposing faction's enclave. U.S. naval units detect the boat and immediately determine that due to its very high speed patrol craft will not be able to overhaul it prior to its arrival near the opposing faction's enclave. A destroyer launches a UAV which flies an intercept course under remote guidance. The UAV's onboard sensors soon detect and lock on to the boat. An operator onboard the destroyer then remotely activates a "vessel stopper" system on the UAV causing the boat's engine to die. As the boat drifts, a U.S. patrol craft arrives. An interpreter orders the occupants of the boat to prepare to receive a boarding party. The American sailors confiscate several weapons, arrest the boat's crew and passengers, and rig it for towing back to the capital city's port.

结论

The above vignettes depict the uncertainty inherent in war and in the conduct of military operations other than war. In the scenario, non-lethal weapons enhanced the core combat capabilities of U.S. troops by bridging the gap betweenthreatsanddeadly force。This added capability created a complete continuum of force from which commanders and troops could select appropriate effects. The tactical flexibility thus achieved ensured that concerns for public and media reaction, mission accomplishment, force protection, and the safety of noncombatants remained in balance.