September 16, 1996
Dear Mr. President:
We are pleased to submit the Information Security Oversight Office's 1995 Report to the President.
正如我们注意到在我们报告的开始，1995年财年确实是不平凡的一年。你发行的是第一个把安全分类系统进入后冷战时代的三项行政令。此外，行政部门的机构分类比我们掌握数据的任何一年文件少得多，并与您的行政命令12937一起，“选定的记录，美国国家档案馆内解密”，他们解密的每年超过所有自1979年向公众开放的前身分类页面的四分之一。
用行政命令的生效日期12958, "Classified National Security Information," commencing in fiscal year 1996, we can anticipate a continuation of these positive trends. Already, preliminary data suggest that many agencies will meet the very high standards you have established in Executive Order 12958. However, our initial exposure to implementation also suggests that compliance will be uneven. Top management support of the reforms you have called for remains critical to their accomplishment.
Our next report will document the first year's experience under Executive Order 12958. As before, we expect to benefit from the commitment of thousands of individuals throughout the executive branch and industry toward achieving its lofty goals.
Respectfully,
史蒂芬加芬克尔
Director
“财政年份1995给总统的报告”是第13个报告，并最后询问下行政命令12356.密级程序下面的数据突出ISOO的调查结果。
I. Executive Order 12958, "Classifted National Security Information"
在1995年4月17日克林顿总统发布行政命令12958，“国家安全机密信息。”有效的1996财政年度，订单实现了承诺，总统呼吁奥巴马政府早期带来的安全分类系统进入后冷战时代。，总统签署行政命令1 2958发出，下面转载的声明，凸显其改革的范围。有关完整的命令的副本，请参阅ISOO的总统报告1994年，或接触ISOO。
Statement by the President
在发出此命令我要求使系统的分类，维护好，declassifying国家安全的信息转换成齿与我们在后冷战世界美国民主的愿景。
This order strikes an appropriate balance. On the one hand, it will sharply reduce the permitted level of secrecy within our Government, making available to the American people and posterity most documents of permanent historical value that were maintained in secrecy until now.
On the other, the order enables us to safeguard the information that we must hold in confidence to protect our Nation and our citizens. We must continue to protect information that is critical to the pursuit of our national security interests There are some categories of information-for example, the war plans we may employ or the identities of clandestine human assets-that must remain protected.
This order also will reduce the sizable costs of secrecy the tangible costs of needlessly guarding documents, and the intangible costs of depriving ourselves of the fullest possible flow of information.
This order establishes many firsts: Classifiers will have to justify what they classify; employees will be encouraged and expected to challenge improper classification and protected from retribution for doing so; and large-scale declassification won't be dependent on the availability of individuals to conduct a line-by-line review.
Rather, we will automatically declassify hundreds of millions of pages of information that were classified in the past 50 years.
Similarly, we will no longer tolerate the excesses of the current system. For example, we will resolve doubtful calls about classification in favor of keeping the information unclassified. We will not permit the reclassification of information after it has been declassified and disclosed under proper authority. We will authorize agency heads to balance the public interest in disclosure against the national security interest in making declassification decisions. And, we will no longer presumptively classify certain categories of information, whether or not the specific information otherw ise meets the strict standards for classification. At the same time, however, we will maintain every necessary safeguard and procedure to assure that appropriately classified information is fully protected.
Taken together, these reforms will greatly reduce the amount of information that we classify in the first place and the amount that remains classified. Perhaps most important, the reforms will create a classification system that Americans can trust to protect our national security in a reasonable, limited, and cost-effective manner.
在与我的目标和承诺相一致，这才能在开放的环境前所未有的起草。我们举行了公开听证会由国会的兴趣委员会和非政府组织，团体，企业，个人的建议OND受益。我今天所签署的命令，是因为我们从许多来源收到的通知的强。我感谢所有那些谁帮助建立这个新系统作为一个政府的框架内保护我们的国家安全，通过模型，并为人民。
On November 10, 1994, President Clinton issued an Executive order that declassified, in bulk, a selection of classified records within the National Archives of the United States maintained by NARA. This unprecedented order declassified approximately 45 million pages or 14 percent of the NARA permanent holdings of classified material, including clas- sified holdings through the end of World War II and an equal number dating into the 1970s. For a copy of this Executive order, please refer to ISOO's Report to the President for 1994, or contact ISOO.
III. Executive Order 12951, "Release of Imagery Acquired by Space-Based National Intelligence Reconnaissance Systems"
On February 22, 1995, President Clinton issued an Executive order that, for the first time, will result in the declassification and public availability of historical intelligence imagery, Specifically, before the end of 1996, the public will have access to imagery from Corona, Argon, and Lanyard rnissions. For a copy of this Executive order, please refer to ISOO's Report to the President for 1994, or contact ISOO.
IV. Classification Actions and Pages Declassified
Overshadowed, perhaps, by the extraordinary policy developments during fiscal year 1995, the classifiers and declassifiers of the executive branch also made their mark in record- breaking fashion during the same year. Classification actions reached record low levels, and the nurnber of pages declassified in a year reached record high levels. These charts illustrate the magnitude of these accomplishments.
Fiscal Year Actions in Millions 1980 8.8 1981 10.2 1982 10.3 1983 10.9 1984 12.5 1985 15 1986 10.8 1987 11.9 1988 10.5 1989 6.8 1990 6.8 1991 7.1 1992 6.3 1993 6.4 1994 4.8 1995 3.6
会计年度页数在1980年百万24.6 1981 28.7 1982 16.8 1983 8 1984 11.5 1985 8.5 1986 14.5 1987 9.2 1988 5.1 1989 7.2 1990 12.3 1991 14.1 1992 9.5 1993 6.8 1994 11.5 1995 24 1995 45（下执行顺序12937附加）
Roslyn A. Mazer, Chair
司法部
Joan A. Dempsey
Department of Defense
Michael J. Kurtz
National Archives and Records Administration
William H. Leary
National Security Council
弗兰克·M. Machak
国务院
理查德·威廉
Intelligence Community
Support Staff
Information Security Oversight Office
对于ISCAP的章程或其他信息，请联系ISOO的副本：
Telephone: 202-219-5250 Fax 202-219-5385 E-mail[email protected]
Physical Security:关注旨在保障和保护机密设施和信息，国内或国外的物理措施保障的那部分。
Information Security:包含两个子目录。Classification Management:行政政策和制度procedures for identifying, controlling, and protecting from unauthorized disclosure classified information the protection of which is authorized by Executive order or statute. Classification management encompasses those resources used to identify, control transfer, transmit retrieve, inventory, archive, declassify, or destroy classified information.Information Systems Security:Measures and controls that ensure confi- dentiality, integrity and availability of the classified information processed and stored by a computer or information technology system. It can include, but is not limited to the provi- sion of all security features needed to provide an accredited system of protection for com- puter hardware and software and classified information, material or processes in auto- mated systems.
Professional Education, Training, and Awareness:The establishment, maintenance, direction, support, and assessment of a security training and awareness program; the certi- fication and approval of the training program; the development, management, and mainte- nance of training records; the training of personnel to perform tasks associated with their duties; and qualification and/or certification of personnel before assignment of security responsibilities related to classified information.
Security Management and Planning:制定和实施计划，程序和行动，以实现政策要求，制定预算和资源需求，兼管组织活动，并回应有关涉密信息的管理要求。
Unique Items:Those department- or agency-specific activities that are not reported in any of the primary categories but are nonetheless significant and need to be included.
The total security classification costs estimate for fiscal year 1995 was $2.7 billion. This figure encompasses estimates provided by 32 executive branch agencies, including DOD, whose estimate incorporates the National Foreign Intelligence Program. It does not include, however, the cost estimates of CIA.
TOTAL $2.7 billion Personnel Security $633 million Physical Security $175 million Information Security $1.5 billion $312 million for Classification Management $1.2 billion for Information Systems Security Professional Education, Training, Awareness $67 million Security Management $257 million Unique Items $6.4 million
TOTAL $5.6 billion Government $2.7 billion Industry $2.9 billion
A joint DOD and industry group developed a cost collection methodology for those costs associated with the use and protection of classified information within industry. Because industry accounts for its costs differently than Government, cost estimate data were not provided by category. Rather a sampling method was applied that included volunteer com- panies from four different categories of facilities. The category of facility is based on the complexity of security requirements a particular company must meet in order to hold a classified contract with a Government agency.
The 1995 cost estimate totals for industry pertain to the 12-month accounting period for the most recently completed fiscal year of each company that was part of the industry sample. For most of the companies included in the sample, December 31, 1995 was the end of their fiscal year. The estimate of total security costs for 1995 within industry was $2.9 billion.
Because this was Government and industry's first attempt at estimating security classification costs, we expect the collection methods and the reliability of the data to improve with each year. Certainly, there are many lessons to be learned from this effort, Knowing "what it costs" shouid, in the long run, help considerably in the management of the security classification program.
虽然ISOO收集、分析和报告数据ReportsReportsclassification actions or decisions-- and has done so since 1979-- a classification action is not readily convertible into a measurement that denotes size (e.g , a certain number of pages or even an estimated number of pages). A classification action may apply to a single word or two, or it may apply to a report hundreds of pages long.
Even if an archivist, records manager or statistician were able to tell us that the "average" classified document is a certain number of pages long, we could not multiply this number by the number of classification actions and arrive at the number of classified pages produced in that year. This is because of the widespread duplication that accompanies the production of almost every document, whether classified or unclassified and whether the document exists in paper form electronically or both. Today, the producer of a document routinely creates it on a computer and can distribute hundreds of "copies" electronically by pushing a single button, and the producer and receiver of the electronic document are usually only a few steps away from a printer and copier that can produce hundreds of paper copies in a few minutes.
Therefore in terms of the size of the classified mountain, classification actions are the apples, and pages declassified are the oranges. Knowing about each enriches our understanding and monitorship of the security classification system. However, comparing 10 classification actions to 10 pages of information declassified tells us little or nothing about the overall size of the classified universe.
For fiscal year 1995, the number of original classifiers throughout the executive branch was 5,379, which represents a reduction of 82 classifiers from the previous year. This figure, for the fifth consecutive year, represents the lowest number of original classifiers ever reported by ISOO. Since 1990, the number of original classifiers has decreased by more than 17 percent, which ISOO primarily attributes to the end of the cold war and the ongoing efforts to downsize Government. However, since disparities exist among agencies with comparable original classification authority, ISOO believes additional reductions are possible without having a negative impact on agency operations.
TOTAL 5,379 Top Secret 1,336 Secret 3,031 Confidential 1,102
Executive Order12958 placesmore stringent accountability on original classifiers than previous orders did. For this reason, ISOO anticipates further reductions in the number of original classifiers. These reductions should enhance the credibility of the classification system as a whole by improving the quality and reducing the number of classification decisions.
In fiscal year 1995, agencies reported decreases in the number of original classifiers for all three classification levels. At the Top Secret and Secret levels, agencies reported decreases of 0.6 percent, while the number of Confidential original classifiers decreased by 5 percent. ISOO wishes to recognize several agencies for their efforts to reduce the number of original classifiers. Most impressive were the efforts of FEMA, NASA, and DOE which reported decreases of 25 percent, 22 percent and 16 percent, respectively. Although the reductions in the number of original classifiers are not as significant as in those agencies mentioned above, ISOO also wishes to recognize NRC, DOD, AID and CIA for reducing their number of original classifiers.
For fiscal year 1995, agencies reported a total of 167,840 original classification decisions This figure represents a decrease of 18 percent from the number of original classification decisions reported in fiscal year 1994 and replaces last year's figures as the lowest number of original classification actions ever reported by ISOO. ISOO maintains that the decrease in the number of original classification decisions over the past several years is a result of ongoing efforts to downsize Government and the end of cold war tensions and the increased use of classification guides as the source for classification. ISOO also attributes the decrease to efforts by several agencies to keep original classification to a minimum. By classification level, both Secret and Confidential decisions decreased by 31 percent and 17 percent respectively. However, the number of Top Secret original classification actions increased by 211 percent. Justice, through the FBI, is the primary contributor to this increase. ISOO is examining why the FBI had such a large increase from the fiscal year 1994 figure of 5,216 to the fiscal year 1995 figure of 21,871. Over the past 4 years, the FBI has been transitioning into an automated collection process, which may partially account for the increase. In fiscal year 1993, Justice reported 15,108 original Top Secret decisions. It appears that the fiscal year 1994 figure is the anomaly for the 3 fiscal years. Nevertheless, ISOO will need to closely monitor this area of Justice's program.
Four agencies-- Justice, CIA, DOD, and State-- continue to account for almost 96 percent of ali original classification decisions. Of these agencies, CIA reported the highest number, with a total of 55,822 actions. However, this number represents a decrease of 3 percent in original classification decisions at CIA from the figure reported in fiscal year 1994. DOD reported a total of 43,542 original classification decisions, which represents an increase of less than 1 percent from the previous year. Whiie Justice's Top Secret original classification actions significantly increased, its total number of actions decreased by 46 percent to 39,678. State reported 1,252 actions, a 5-percent decrease in the number of its original classification decisions.
对于一些较小的信息安全分类方案的机构，收集到的数据显示，在原来的分类决定的数量明显减少。特别是，ISOO赞扬DOT，FEMA，NASA，ONDCP，PFIAB和库房，其中报告的89％，100％，50％，100％时，58％，和35％，减少分别在原分类决定数。
由于原来的分类过程的一部分，分类必须确定的信息保护的时限。这通常被称为分类的“持续时间”。行政命令12356，由第12958号行政命令取代，提供分类与指定分类的持续时间为国家安全信息的两种手段。首先，信息可以被标记为在某个特定日期或事件解密。例如，分类可确定该信息的敏感性将在特定项目完成后失效。本次活动将在文档的脸指出，当项目已经完成，信息会被自动解密。只有在特定日期或事件不能在分类时确定将分类授权使用第二装置，标志着与符号“发起机构的测定所需”（OADR）的文件。OADR指出，信息必须由发起机构审查可以采取解密行动之前。第12958号行政命令无需使用OADR的。
在去年财政year1995 OADR佤邦s an acceptable marking for original classification decisions, 9 percent of all original classification decisions were marked for declassification with a specific date or event, compared to 8 percent of all actions reported in fiscal year 1994.
对于财政year1995,gencies reported 3,411,665 derivative classification actions. This figure represents a significant decrease of just over 25 percent from that reported in fiscal year 1994, which at the time was the lowest number ever reported by ISOO. Again, ISOO attributes this significant decrease to the continuing efforts to downsize Government programs, operations and personnel and the absence of any major international conflict involving the United States.
TOTAL 3,411,665 Top Secret 374,244 Secret 2,344,629 Confidential 692,792During fiscal year 1995, the four major classifying agencies reported significant reductions in the number of derivative classification actions. Among these agencies, Justice led the way reporting a 26-percent reduction in derivative classification actions. DOD reported a 38-percent reduction. State reported an 18-percent reduction, and CIA reported a 3-percent reduction from fiscal year 1994. ISOO applauds Justice, DOD State, and CIA for their efforts in reducing significantly the number of derivative classification actions. All other agencies reported 42,759 derivative classification actions, a 4-percent reduction from the year before. Among those agencies JSOO commends the following agencies for reducing the number of derivative classification actions for fiscal year 1995: NSC (58 percent), NRC (54 percent), FRS (40 percent), NASA (32 percent), and USDA (29 percent).
TOTAL 3,579,505 Top Secret 396,115 Secret 2,434,824 Confidential 748,566
DOD accounted for 47 percent of all combined classification activity reported for fiscal year 1995; CIA 40 percent; Justice, 8 percent; and State, 4 percent. As in the past, the remainirg agencies accounted for only 1 percent of the combined classification activity.
ISOO高兴地报告，财政year1995期间，系统评价方案的产品表现出了极大的提高。在1995年财政年度，机构略超过25万页，11.7万美元（89％）在财年超过回顾回顾1994页的审查，被解密的94％，从84％的解密率显著上升报道财政年度1994年作为审查的页数和改进解密率的结果是23万页在1995年财年的系统审查程序下解密，超过11万个网页比1994年会计年度。
ISOO believes that this dramatic increase is due to the agencies' anticipation of the declassification reforms contained in Executive Order 12958. As predicted in last year's Report, the new approach to deal with the buildup of older permanently valuable classified records is redefining the future of declassification.
Although the efforts of several agencies contributed to the increase, DOD, State, and NARA account for much of the program's substantial improvement. State accounted for the highest volume of pages reviewed in fiscal year 1995. State reviewed over 10 million pages, 5 million more than in fiscal year 1994, and declassified 9.7 million pages. DOD accounted for the second highest volume of pages reviewed in fiscal year 1995 8.6 million pages, a 2-million-page increase from fiscal year 1994. Of the 8.6 million pages reviewed DOD declassified 7.6 million pages.
In fiscal year 1995, the number of pages NARA reviewed increased from 2,320,531 in fiscal year 1994 to 6,136,000, with a slightly increased declassification rate of 97 percent. NARA's primary explanation for the increase in its systematic review activity was its retention of experienced document reviewers throughout the fiscal year.
Fiscal year 1995 saw an exceptional increase in the amount of declassification activity flowing out of three programs: (1) Executive Order 12937, "Declassification of Selected Records Within the National Archives of the United States," issued by the President early in fiscal year 1995 and described and reproduced in ISOO's last Annual Report; (2) systematic declassification review; and (3) mandatory declassification review. In a year, almost 70 million pages of formerly classified information were declassified. This represents an unprecedented ard extraordinary achievement in the area of declassification and bodes well for the future of the program as we begin implefnenting the declassification reforms of Executive Order 12958.
During fiscal year 1995, agencies processed 101 appeals that comprised 568 documents totaling 1,658 pages. Of these, 80 percent of the pages were granted in whole or in part.
Although the rate is 8-percent lower than last year, this rate still suggests that researchers can continue to anticipate greater returns in declassified information if they pursue an appeal.
For the fifth year in a row, agencies reported a decrease in the number of self-inspections, For fiscal year1995, agencies reported 2,517 fewer self-inspections, a 20-percent decrease from the number reported in fiscal year 1994. This decrease is largely attributed to DOD, which conducted 2,550 fewer self-inspections. Other agencies with significant decreases include GSA, HUD, Justice, NARA, NRC, State, Treasury, and USIA. These reductions in self-inspections are primarily attributed to the continued downsizing and reorganizations throughout the Government. Other factors that contributed to the reductions in self-inspections are the Government shutdowns and extended periods without authorized appropriation bills for some agencies that occurred during fiscal year 1996. Those agencies reporting major increases in self-inspections, thus enhancing their oversight capability, include AID, CIA, DOE, FEMA, and DOT.
1995年财政年度，机构共计8,622违规检测。相比于1994年财政年度，这个数字代表了33％的下降。每次检查中发现违规的平均数从1.02显著下跌1994年财年的0.84财政年度1995年，这些数字并不乐观，他们认为，并非所有机构都有效的自检程序。ISOO一贯认为，机构将确定是否进行机构更优质的自查违规的多得多。ISOO认为，在implementirig指令C分部全面的自我检查的第12958号行政命令，如果持续实施，统一标准将有助于提高机构自我检查的质量。
New Marking Booklet
This booklet, fresh off the presses, is a general, illustrated guide on how to mark classified documents in accordance with the requirements of Executive Order 12958 and its implementing directives. Authorized original and derivative classifiers as well as administrative personnel who prepare classified documents can rely on this booklet whenever there is a question about the marking of a classified document.
Updated SF 312 Briefing Booklet
This booklet remains popular with agency ard industry security managers who are tasked with providing briefings on the SF 312, "Classified Information Nondisclosure Agreement." It includes the complete text of all the laws and regulations that must be available if requested by someone signing the SF 312, including the text of Executive Order 12958, a copy of the SF 312, and updated answers to almost all the questions that employees are likely to raise about the nondisclosure agreement.
The SF 312 Video
这13分钟的视频提供了一个有趣而丰富的方式来回答了大部分问题，员工提高对保密协议的目的和其规定的义务。它提供了在SF 312雇员简报的最佳基地。
Executive Order 12958 and Implementing Directive Packet
This packet is a three-hole punched, shrink-wrapped document that includes Executive Order 12958, its implementing directives, the President's Original Ciassification Authority designations, and amendment. Tabs identify each of these items. They are all printed in a very clear and very easy to read format. This is one of the most "user-friendly" versions of the Order and its related documents.